11

Describing rites of passage; describing turning points; describing regrets and hypothetical situations

Time clauses: before, after, once, the moment, as soon as, until, by the time: describing regrets and hypothetical situations with should not have + past participle and if clauses past perfect

Reduction of have, and been Listening to descriptions of important events; listening to regrets and explanations Self-study: Listening to people describe changes in themselves

Writing a letter of apology "If You Could Do It All Again": Reading about people's life choices and regrets

12

Describing qualities for success; describing features; giving reasons for success; interviewing for a job; talking about ads and slogans

Describing purpose with infinitive clauses and infinitive clauses with for; giving reasons with because, since, because of, for, due. to, and the reason

Reduced words Listening for features and slogans Self-study: Listening for qualities that help people make friends more easily

Writing a TV commercial "The Wrong Stuff": Reading about advertising failures

13

Making conclusions; offering explanations; describing hypothetical events; giving advice for predicaments

Past modals for degrees of certainty: must (not) have, may (not) have, might (not) have, could (not) have; past models for opinions and advice: should (not) have, could (not) have, would (not) have

Reduction in past modals Listening to explanations; listening for the best solution Self-study: Listening to situations and reacting

Writing about a predicament The Blue Lights of Silver Cliff". Reading a story about an unexplained phenomenon

14

Describing how something is done or made; describing careers in the media

The passive to describe process with is/are + past participle and modal + be. + past participle: defining and nondefining relative clauses

Stress in compound nouns Listening to a producer describe his work; listening for personality traits Self-study: Listening to an interview; listening for steps in a process

Writing about a process "Hooray for Bollywood!": Reading about the kind of movies made in India

15

Giving opinions for and against controversial issues; offering a different opinion; agreeing and disagreeing

Giving recommendations and opinions with passive modals: should be, ought to be, must be, has to be, has got to be; tag questions for opinions

Intonation in tag questions Listening for solutions to everyday annoyances; listening to issues and opinions Self-study: Listening to concerns about issues and problems

Writing a letter to a community leader "How Serious Is Plagiarism?": Reading about plagiarism and people's opinions about its severity

16

Describing challenges, frustrations, and rewards; discussing traits needed for meeting challenges; talking about the past and the future

Complex noun phrases containing gerunds; accomplishments with the present perfect and simple past; goals with the future perfect, and would like to have + past participle

Stress and rhythm Listening to challenges and rewards of peoples work; listening for people's goals for the future Self-study: Listening to a person's experience in the Peace Corps

Writing a personal statement for an application "Young and Gifted": Reading about exceptionally gifted young people